Han Han
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Basic information
Abstract: the Communist Party of China (CPC) attaches great importance to cultural construction. From the perspective of historical evolution and practical path, the characteristics of cultural construction under the leadership of the Party in the Communist Party of China (CPC) in different historical stages have been reflected by "saving the country by culture", "building the country by culture", "enriching the country by culture" and "strengthening the country by culture" since the founding of the Party a hundred years ago, and they are consistent and consistent. As a new stage of cultural construction under the leadership of the Party, the overall practice of "cultural power" should take "cultural consciousness" as the action path, "cultural self-confidence" as the basic position, and "cultural self-improvement" as the value guide. The concept of "cultural power" has formed a historical echo with the "dream of strengthening the country" established by modern people with lofty ideals.
About the author: Born in 1985, doctor of literature, postdoctoral fellow in history. Associate Professor and Master Tutor, National Institute of Cultural Development, Wuhan University. He is also the executive editor of the Industrial Heritage Branch of Encyclopedia of China (Third Edition), the executive director of Hubei Cultural Big Data Application Engineering Technology Center (China Industrial Heritage Big Data Center), a researcher at the Institute of Symbol Media of Sichuan University, a researcher at the Institute of Ancient Palace Studies of Shenzhen University, and a consultant at the Inner Mongolia National Cultural Industry Research Institute. Editorial board member of Chinese Classics Translation Series of China Foreign Languages Bureau, editor-in-chief of Xiuwei Shirley Series in Taiwan Province, China, and international editorial board members or reviewers of four overseas anonymous review journals, including Creative Industries Journal (SSCI-Q1). He began to publish academic papers in 2005, and after receiving his doctorate in 2013, he successively engaged in full-time research, teaching and postdoctoral work in institutions such as the Institute of Natural Science History of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Asian Department of UNC-Chapel Hill, and the Cultural Industry Research Institute of Shenzhen University. Up to now, more than 100 papers have been published in many important academic journals at home and abroad, such as Journal of Zhejiang University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), Journal of Fudan University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), Journal of Tsinghua University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), Foreign Literature Research, Cambridge Sinology Research, Polish Asia Bulletin, and some of them have been copied by the National People’s Congress.(journalism and communication, modern and contemporary literature in China, modern history of China, cultural studies, publishing industry, cultural and creative industries, foreign literature studies, etc.), China Social Sciences Digest, Xinhua Monthly, Xinhua Digest, Red Flag Digest, Academic Digest of Liberal Arts in Colleges and Universities, China Literature Yearbook and China Publishing Yearbook, etc., He has published ten academic monographs such as Literature Journals in the War against Japanese Aggregation in China, History and Modernity —— Modern China Literature from the Perspective of Cultural Studies and two translated versions in Europe, Chinese mainland and Taiwan Province, China. He has edited Zhang Longxi’s Collected Works (four volumes), Sun Kangyi’s Collected Works (five volumes) and Yang Changxi’s Wen Cun (four volumes). The main research direction is the "China" path of cultural industry in modern times and the research on the history of modern culture, science and thought in China. For the convenience of reading and typesetting, all the notes in the text are deleted. Please refer to the original journal for relevant quotations. Journal of Shanxi University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), No.5, 2021. Thank the author for authorizing the release.
The Communist Party of China (CPC) has always attached great importance to cultural construction, which was taken as a vital task at the beginning of the founding of the Party. Looking at the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s century-old party history, it is also a history of party leadership culture construction. As a great political party growing up in the great struggle, the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership in cultural construction in different historical periods is an important way for it to constantly improve itself, unite its efforts and carry out party building. Historically, the Party’s leading cultural construction in different historical periods was embodied by "saving the country by culture", "building the country by culture" and "strengthening the country by culture", so "strengthening the country by culture" is not only a new historical stage of the Party’s leading cultural construction, but also the only way for the Party to lead cultural construction in the new era and the highest form of the Party’s leading cultural construction at present.
The construction of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership culture originated from "saving the country by culture", which was rooted in the spiritual pursuit of "dream of strengthening the country" established by modern people with lofty ideals and the actual national conditions of China as a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society at that time. As the historical logical starting point of the construction of the party’s leadership culture, it profoundly reflects the responsibility and mission of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s early leadership culture construction, and forms a "cultural power" that echoes history with it, which reveals the value goal pursued by its hard development.
从“文化救国”到“文化强国”，在历史演进上一以贯之，在实践路径上环环相扣。虽然“文化强国”在之前并未被提出，但“强国梦”却一直贯穿于中国共产党领导文化建设的历史进程当中，形成了近代以来中国最先进文化的一整套生成、传播与接受机制。探讨从“文化救国”到“文化强国”的历史演进与实践路径，之于中国共产党百年党史而言，有着重要的学术意义。
目前学界对于相关问题的研究主要体现在如下三个方面：一是从理论的高度，对于中国共产党领导文化建设重要意义的探讨，如对先进性的研究与对党关于文化战略价值认识变迁的研究等等；二是对党在不同时期领导文化建设的实践如土地革命战争时期党领导文化战线的成就与改革开放以来党领导文化体制改革的历史考察等等；三是对党的核心领导集体在领导文化建设当中的为政举措与战略思想如习近平关于文化建设的重要论述与党的第三代领导集体对邓小平文化思想的发展的学术思考等等。而立足于中国共产党百年党史，对党领导文化建设的历史演进与实践路径进行较为系统的学理性考察，则略为不足。
习近平指出：“不能用改革开放后的历史时期否定改革开放前的历史时期，也不能用改革开放前的历史时期否定改革开放后的历史时期。”这为我们研究中国共产党历史指明了重要方向。在中国共产党百年征程当中，领导文化建设方面的工作虽然在不同阶段各有侧重，但总体来看，具有鲜明的连贯性与系统性，不同历史阶段中国共产党领导文化建设的使命、目标与成就，共同形成了一套完整、健全的党建工程。对于这一系统工程的研究，之于客观认识中国共产党的历史有着重要的价值。
本研究拟立足于中国共产党百年征程，试图突破先前的革命史观与现代化史观，以历史唯物主义的实践史观，对党在不同历史阶段领导文化建设的具体内涵进行研究，并提出“文化救国”“文化立国”“文化富国”与“文化强国”四个特征性概念，尝试对中国共产党建党百年来领导文化建设的历史演进与实践路径予以学理性考察。
First, saving the country by culture: the arduous exploration of the road of cultural construction led by the party before the founding of New China.
Before the founding of New China, the cultural construction led by the Party was reflected by "saving the country through culture". However, it should be noted that even under "saving the country by culture", there is a long-term pursuit of "strengthening the country", and the practice of "saving the country by culture" is based on the "dream of strengthening the country" planted by modern people with lofty ideals.
(A) the "national salvation through culture" practice under the "dream of strengthening the country"
"Powerful country" is a dream put forward by people with lofty ideals in modern times and pursued unswervingly. It originated after the Opium War in 1840. Previously, there was no concept of "country" in the ruling and opposition circles, and there was no way to talk about "strong country". The "Five Families" were forced to trade, and the Westernization School in the late Qing Dynasty felt deeply humiliated and humiliated the country. Therefore, it hoped to "strengthen itself" and "seek wealth" by "learning from foreigners". Although it was still the skill of "controlling foreigners" on the surface, it was deeply recognized that China governed by the Qing government was an independent national entity, and only a "powerful country" could consolidate the rule of the Qing Dynasty. However, due to the limitations of the ruling class at that time, at first, they didn’t realize that the reason why China lagged behind the world powers was culture and system, but thought that "technology was not as good as people". Under the general trend of "western learning spreading to the east", on the one hand, the Westernization School attached importance to learning the advanced knowledge of human beings, on the other hand, it was limited to introducing advanced western technology at that time.
It was not until the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 that the Qing government discovered that Japan, which had gone to the road of expansion in one fell swoop by virtue of the Meiji Restoration, had become one of the "powerful countries", while the Beiyang Navy, which was far ahead of the Japanese navy in equipment at that time, suffered a crushing defeat. The fundamental reason was its cultural backwardness. In this way, the modern thinkers represented by Liang Qichao put forward that "if you want the people of a new country, you must first introduce the novels of a new country"; In December 1897, the Collection of National News published in Tianjin published Yan Fu’s translation of Huxley’s Theory of Evolution, calling for "natural selection, survival of the fittest"; Kang Youwei was the first to put forward the concept of "a strong country", and pointed out in the preface to the meeting of a strong country that "the talents come out with great efforts". When the Revolution of 1911 broke out, Sun Yat-sen discussed how to discard foreign and traditional culture and form "innovation" in Sun Wen Theory, the core part of "Strategy for the Founding of the People’s Republic of China", from the following aspects: "those who have rules to care for Europe’s academic deeds", "those who follow our country’s inherent thinkers" and "those who have my own unique views and gain". At this point, "power" and "culture" have had a logical connection. The theory of "Mr. De" and "Mr. Sai" put forward by progressive intellectuals in the "New Culture Movement" further clarified that cultural factors are the most important thing for China to embark on the road of becoming a powerful country.
The road exploration of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s benevolent people before the founding of the Party under the dream of "strengthening the country" constitutes an important historical background for the Communist Party of China (CPC) to start leading cultural construction. It should be noted, however, that the previous road exploration with lofty ideals ignored the actual national conditions of China in a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society to some extent, and lacked effective theoretical guidance. After the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC), with Marxism as the guiding ideology, he realized that there must be concrete practice under the background of "dream of strengthening the country", otherwise it would be just an armchair strategist, and this practice is that the party leads the construction work according to the actual national conditions. As far as the specific field of cultural construction is concerned, in the 28 years from the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC) to the founding of New China, the most striking feature of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership cultural construction is "saving the country through culture", which is the historical beginning and the first stage of the practice path of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership cultural construction, and also the historical choice made by the Communist Party of China (CPC) based on the actual national conditions under the background of "dream of strengthening the country".
From the perspective of historical evolution and practical path, the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s "saving the country by culture" before the founding of New China is mainly reflected in two aspects: one is to lead cultural construction in the revolutionary movement, which is the practice of the Communist Party of China (CPC) leading cultural construction under the condition of non-local governance; The second is to lead the cultural construction within the red regime, which is the practice of the Communist Party of China (CPC) leading the cultural construction under the condition of partial governance. These two aspects reflect the theoretical character and practical responsibility of the party’s leadership culture construction, which insists on proceeding from reality, integrating theory with practice, testing truth and developing truth in practice.
(B) the Party leads cultural construction in the revolutionary movement.
"Revolutionary movement" is a broad concept. As far as this study is concerned, it refers to the "military movement, student movement, labor movement" and cultural movement led by the Communist Party of China (CPC) under the condition of non-local governance before the founding of New China. They are mainly carried out outside the red regime, and many of them are underground work, so they have strong struggle strategy and great hardship.
The Communist Party of China (CPC) didn’t have a red regime at the beginning of its establishment, but it didn’t neglect the work of cultural construction, and cooperating with the workers’ movement was the concrete practice of the cultural construction of the party’s leadership at the beginning of its founding. In August, 1920, the Shanghai Communist Group (that is, the the Communist Party of China (CPC) Shanghai Initiation Group) was formally established. Chen Duxiu was elected as the secretary, and Li Hanjun initiated the establishment of the Workers’ Popular Reading Weekly. Later, Beijing’s "Labor Voice" and Guangdong’s "Laborer" came out one after another, and the Shanghai "China Labor Union Secretary Department" also hosted "Labor Weekly", which has branches all over the country. The Communist Party of China (CPC) began to try to lead the cultural construction by cooperating with the newspaper propaganda work of the workers’ movement.
During the First Revolutionary Civil War, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party cooperated in the Northern Expedition, and the Communist Party of China (CPC) was in charge of the political work of the National Revolutionary Army. The Party attached great importance to the political work of the army, and the core of political work was propaganda work, and cultural construction was an important part of propaganda work. It can be said that the Communist Party of China (CPC) gained the leadership of cultural construction by leading the political work of the National Revolutionary Army. In the meantime, Mao Zedong served as the Minister of Propaganda Department of the Kuomintang Central Committee, and Guo Moruo served as the Deputy Director and Propaganda Section Chief of the Political Department of the National Revolutionary Army. Mao Zedong was personally responsible for guiding the propaganda work of the National Revolutionary Army, and pointed out that the propaganda work should not be "biased towards the citizens, lacking in the general public, biased towards words and lacking in pictures". After that, the Communist Party of China (CPC) carried out a lot of art propaganda work in the National Revolutionary Army, which produced good social effects. In addition, in the northwest, Feng Yuxiang joined the National Revolutionary Army with the pledge of "Five Origins", advocated the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, invited Liu Bojian and Deng Xiaoping to take charge of military politics and propaganda work, and the Communist Party of China (CPC) carried out cultural construction in the National Revolutionary Army, such as the establishment of newspapers and periodicals such as the Chahar National New Newspaper and the New National Army Newspaper, etc., to cooperate with the military movement work led by the Party and accumulated experience in leading cultural construction in the army.
After the "July 15th" counter-revolutionary coup, the Great Revolution was declared a failure. The leaders of the Communist Party of China (CPC), represented by Mao Zedong, determined the struggle policy of armed separation of workers and peasants and encircling cities from rural areas, but at the same time they also attached importance to the leadership of cultural construction in the revolutionary movement. After absorbing the experience and lessons of previous cultural work, the Communist Party of China (CPC) began to pay attention to the cultivation of young cultural talents. In the Kuomintang-controlled areas, relying on the "Left-wing Literature and Art Movement" led by the Party and its core organization "China Left-wing Writers Union", revolutionary cultural workers such as Lu Xun, Mao Dun and Xia Yan were United, a large number of young literary and art workers such as Rou Shi, Xiao Hong, Jiang Guangci, Zhou Yang and Jinshan were trained, and a large number of influential literary and art societies, bookstores, film companies and troupes were successively hosted, especially dozens of magazines with market influence such as Beidou.
During the Anti-Japanese War, the Communist Party of China (CPC) held high the banner of "War of Resistance against Japan United Front", with left-wing writers and artists as the core, and with the help of organizations such as the Anti-Japanese War Literary Association and the Third Hall of the Political Department of the Military Committee of the National Government, United a large number of outstanding intellectuals to carry out anti-Japanese war propaganda work, trained a group of young writers and artists represented by Liu Baiyu, Biye and Zhang Guangnian, and achieved outstanding creative results, which cooperated with the anti-Japanese student movement in occupied areas for the future in the Communist Party of China (CPC).
It can be seen that before 1949, the Communist Party of China (CPC) publicized the Party’s program and policies among revolutionary soldiers, workers, employees, students and even the national bourgeoisie through literary and artistic creation, running newspapers and periodicals, setting up bookstores and hosting various literary and artistic societies, and combined the cultural construction led by the Party with the revolutionary movement, thus opening up the situation that the Party led the cultural construction in the revolutionary movement.
(3) The Party leads the cultural construction within the red regime.
Before the founding of New China, the cultural construction within the red regime was the top priority of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership cultural construction. After the failure of the "Great Revolution", the red regime represented by base areas and liberated areas gradually developed nationwide. Through the cultural construction in local governance, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has accumulated important experience for leading cultural construction in national governance and long-term governance.
During the Second Revolutionary Civil War, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has determined the struggle policy of the armed regime of workers and peasants, with the Red Army of workers and peasants as the main body, leading the cultural construction of red political power in various places. For example, there is a "Friends Society of the Red Army" in the Red Army, which is headed by Li Bozhao, a "red artist", and publicizes the policies of the Red Army by performing civilized operas and writing operas and songs. Soviet governments all over the country have full-time cultural institutions, such as the Ministry of Cultural Construction and cultural committees at all levels set up by the Soviet government in western Fujian, with Lin Yizhu as the minister of cultural construction. In 1931, the Ministry of Culture and Construction organized cultural activities to commemorate the "Guangzhou riots", including masquerading parades, performing plays, running magazines and newspapers, and so on. At the same time, it also demanded that "feudal entertainment with tea-picking lanterns and the Eight Immortals lanterns should be banned" and "old dramas and other performances with feudal ideas should be banned".
During the period from the Second Revolutionary Civil War to the Liberation War, the red regime started with a single spark and spread all over the country. The Party has also made remarkable achievements in the construction of leadership culture within the red regime. In the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border region, the Hubei-Henan-Anhui border region, the Jiangsu-Anhui border region and other base areas, there are multi-level cultural committees (above the district level) and cultural commissioners (townships and villages) who specialize in cultural work in the base areas and carry out the "cultural enlistment" movement, which gradually improves and perfects the cultural life in the border areas. This provides important historical experience for the Communist Party of China (CPC) to promote the modernization of state governance through the construction of leadership culture in the future. Among them, the cultural construction in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, represented by various cultural organizations, made remarkable achievements at that time, such as the Northwest Field Service Corps and the Border Cultural Salvation Association and its subordinate "People’s Troupe" established in 1937, as well as the Yan ‘an Artists Association, the Anti-Japanese War Drama Society and the Yan ‘an New Poetry Society, which were born and developed at the same time. The Communist Party of China (CPC) led the cultural construction in the border areas through cultural associations, thus promoting the development and prosperity of the culture in the border areas, which was a great pioneering work in China’s cultural governance in modern times and provided valuable experience for the Communist Party of China (CPC) to lead the cultural construction nationwide.
Therefore, before the founding of New China, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has gradually established a set of action guidelines through the practice of "saving the country through culture", that is, theorizing the specific practices of the party leading cultural work, consolidating the party’s leadership over ideology, and rationalizing the relationship between cultural construction and other revolutionary work, thus forming the work program of the Communist Party of China (CPC) leading cultural construction.
How to promote the modernization of state governance, including cultural governance, through leading cultural work is a cause that the Communist Party of China (CPC) has been trying to practice since the founding of the Party. In this process, the work program is particularly important. This undertaking has never been done before, and there is no precedent to follow. the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s exploration of cultural governance by "saving the country with culture" and the formation of a work program are of course unprecedented theoretical innovations.
At the beginning of the founding of the Party, although the Communist Party of China (CPC) attached great importance to the construction of leadership culture, he did not form a program, and mainly carried out his work in accordance with the relevant documents and instructions of the Communist International, such as running newspapers and periodicals, with the aim of "gradually combining our cultural work with political movements", and still did not clearly distinguish cultural work from revolutionary work. It was not until the Yan ‘an Forum on Literature and Art held in 1942 that this situation was completely changed. In order to meet the realistic demand of "saving the country by culture", the Communist Party of China (CPC) set out to establish and improve the basic guiding line of cultural work led by the Party, and clarified the differences between cultural construction including literary and artistic work and general revolutionary work.
Focusing on the relationship between literary and artistic work and general revolutionary work, Yan ‘an Forum on Literature and Art discussed the mass of literary and artistic works and how to provide excellent literary and artistic works for the masses. Under the guidance of the spirit of Speech at Yan ‘an Forum on Literature and Art, the Party led literary and art workers to create a large number of outstanding literary and art works such as The Yellow River Cantata’s The Sun Shines on the Sanggan River, and practiced the policy of literature and art serving the workers, peasants and soldiers, and emphasized that "all revolutionary writers and artists can only make sense of their work if they contact with the masses, express them and regard themselves as loyal spokesmen of the masses". Speech at Yan ‘an Forum on Literature and Art provides important theoretical guidance for the practice of the construction of the Party’s leadership culture, and forms the core work program of the construction of the Party’s leadership culture.
To sum up, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has gained rich practical experience, including the construction of leadership culture, through local governance of red regimes such as the Central Soviet Area, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, the anti-Japanese base areas behind enemy lines and the liberated areas. In the process of continuous understanding and practice, the Communist Party of China (CPC) gradually theorized the experience of leadership culture construction, which laid a solid foundation for the nationwide leadership culture construction.
Second, from "building a country through culture" to "enriching the country through culture": the cultural construction under the leadership of the Party is gradually moving towards prosperity.
Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the people of China won the great victory of the new-democratic revolution, established the People’s Republic of China (PRC), and realized the goal of "saving the country through culture". From the founding of New China to the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the construction of the Party’s leadership culture was explored in hardships, seeking order from disorder, and its overall characteristics were reflected by "building the country through culture". During the period from the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee to the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the concept of "socialism with China characteristics" was put forward, and culture became an important driving force for the country to become rich and strong. At this stage, the construction of party leadership culture was generally embodied by "enriching the country with culture".
"Building the country by culture" and "enriching the country by culture" have become the important characteristics of the construction of the party’s leadership culture in the two decades before and after the reform and opening up. Practice is the foundation of historical materialism and the internal organic unity of truth and values. Whether it is "building a country through culture" or "enriching the country through culture", they are all historical choices based on the actual national conditions and the best interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. From the dual perspective of historical evolution and practical path, they are not only not opposed to each other, but also coherent and consistent.
(A) the consistency of "building a country through culture" and "enriching the country through culture"
From the perspective of historical evolution, from "building a country by culture" to "enriching the country by culture" is a historical choice based on the national conditions at different stages, proceeding from objective reality, and in line with the historical materialism development view. It is the practical path of leading cultural construction under the long-term ruling environment of the Communist Party of China (CPC), so the two have distinct coherence.
With the founding of New China, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has changed from a party that led the people in their struggle for national political power to a party that has been in power for a long time, and economic construction has been put on the national agenda as a top priority. The Party leads the people of the whole country not only to carry out the socialist transformation of the ownership of the means of production, but also to enhance the comprehensive productivity of industry, agriculture and transportation. The Party needs to make cultural policies, establish cultural policies, and guide the development direction of national culture to achieve overall leadership of cultural construction, so that socialist culture can serve the overall needs of national development.
The key to "building a country by culture" lies in the word "Li", which refers to the development and establishment from scratch, so that it will have a standing benchmark significance in the future construction of party leadership culture. During the period from the founding of New China to the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Communist Party of China (CPC) took the policy of "letting a hundred flowers blossom" and the direction of "second" as the guiding ideology, promoted the "China-oriented" development of socialist culture, and really made historical achievements. On the one hand, the Party leads governments at all levels and relevant departments to promote the infrastructure construction of cultural production, and various cultural venues are spread all over the country. By 1965, there were 2,598 county-level cultural centers, 2,943 urban and rural theaters, 562 libraries above the county level, 62 mass art museums, 2,125 township cultural stations, and radio stations, TV stations, newspapers and publishing houses all over the country. On the other hand, the system of writers’ associations at the central, provincial and municipal levels has been basically established, which not only provides an important guarantee for grassroots people to obtain cultural rights and interests, but also realizes that the party actively leads the practice of literary and artistic creation by uniting cultural and artistic workers to meet the cultural needs of the people and concentrate on socialist construction. In the less than 30 years since the founding of New China, novels represented by Song of Youth and Red Flag Spectrum, musical works represented by Butterfly Lovers and Long March Songs, artistic works represented by founding ceremony and Chairman Mao’s Going to Anyuan, plays represented by Long Xugou and Cai Wenji, etc. have been published successively. Many of these works are well-known so far, go to the world and become recognized by the world."Red Classics" and cultivated an echelon of three generations of cultural and artistic workers. It can be said that these are all important achievements of "building a country through culture".
After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Communist Party of China (CPC) further strengthened his leadership in cultural construction, further clarified the "two-for-one" direction of literary and artistic creation serving the people and socialism, creatively expounded the policy of "letting a hundred flowers blossom" and "two-for-one", and encouraged ideological emancipation. At this stage, the exploration of the road of cultural construction under the leadership of the party is embodied in "enriching the country with culture", which is mainly embodied in two aspects: first, the cultural industry has developed rapidly, and culture has become the direct driving force for the prosperity of national economic development; Second, cultural construction serves "one center and two basic points". This reflects all the practical innovations of the Party that proceed from reality and change with time. It is the continuation and development of "building the country through culture", and it is also a new measure for the Party to lead the cultural construction in a new historical position.
"Rich in culture" is also manifested in the role of culture in enhancing comprehensive national strength, national soft power and international competitiveness. After the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, China’s external challenges became more and more severe. The viewpoints such as "the end of history" and "the clash of civilizations" were all the rage, and the absurd arguments such as "China threat theory" were rampant. The collective leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao as general secretaries promoted cultural construction and development to a national strategy of international communication and competition, which endowed the cultural construction under the leadership of the party with a new era connotation. The report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly puts forward to "improve the soft power of national culture" and regards it as the guiding strategy of socialist cultural construction, which shows the determination and confidence of the Party in leading cultural construction to meet international challenges. The Sixth Plenary Session of the Seventeenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China deliberated and passed the Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Deepening the Reform of Cultural System and Promoting the Great Development and Prosperity of Socialist Culture. "Adhering to the road of cultural development in Socialism with Chinese characteristics and striving to build a socialist cultural power" has become an important strategy in the field of cultural construction in China, and the important concept of "cultural power" has been put forward for the first time.
(B)’ Culture-based’ and’ culture-rich’ consistency
Although "building a country through culture" and "enriching the country through culture" are the practical explorations of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership culture construction in different periods, from the practical path, they are in the same strain and have distinct consistency in pursuing their goals, especially in promoting the modernization of state governance by relying on the prosperity and development of cultural industries.
As far as China’s actual national conditions are concerned, cultural industry is an important means for the party to lead cultural construction. Before the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, China’s cultural industry has achieved pioneering development from less to more, from weak to strong, from point to point, and has achieved unprecedented development in volume, region, producers, consumers and formats. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s market economy has achieved unprecedented development. At the same time, China’s cultural market has also entered an unprecedented period of prosperity, especially in publishing, film and television, advertising and other cultural formats. Before and after the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the prosperity and development of the cultural market became the topic of the times in the cultural construction of the Party’s leadership. Deng Xiaoping once pointed out that "the socialist country we want to build should have not only a high level of material civilization, but also a high level of spiritual civilization". Cultural construction should not only dare to try the cultural market step by step, deepen the reform of cultural system and the management of state-owned cultural assets, but also resolutely put an end to the bad elements that are detrimental to the construction of spiritual civilization and adhere to social benefits. "Developing noble and colorful cultural life and building a high level of socialist spiritual civilization" became the main tone of cultural construction in this period.
It is not difficult to see that "enriching the country with culture" has continued the tradition of "building the country with culture" in consolidating the party’s ruling position, especially in strengthening the party’s leadership over cultural construction, which is mainly reflected in the following two aspects: First, as an important part of governing the country, an important goal of the party’s leadership in cultural construction is to promote the modernization of state governance. At this point, "building the country with culture" and "enriching the country with culture" have the same purpose; Second, the modernization of state governance is largely determined by the continuous consolidation of the party’s leadership in various undertakings, including cultural construction. During the period from the founding of New China to the reform and opening-up, the Party consolidated its leadership in cultural construction by building a cultural industry with complete formats all over the country, which not only laid a solid foundation for the future development of China’s cultural industry, but also provided an important guarantee for the Party to lead the cultural construction, which was the prerequisite for the success of "building a country through culture". The "wealth" of "a culturally rich country" is precisely to consolidate the achievements of "founding the country" and promote China’s cultural industry to become bigger and stronger through a series of economic construction measures of reform and opening up, so as to further consolidate the party’s leadership in cultural construction.
China’s cultural industry is a system different from western cultural industries. It has China characteristics, China style and China style in connotation and essence, and is a part of the ideological work of the party’s leadership. The purpose of developing cultural industry is to consolidate rather than weaken the party’s leadership in cultural construction, which is the basic principle of China’s cultural industry. No matter what level of China’s economic development, this must be unswervingly adhered to.
In the 1990s, there were some arguments about the future development direction of China’s cultural industry in academic circles, but they were quickly cleared up by a group of scholars represented by Cheng Enfu and Xia Zanzhong: "(China’s cultural industry) strives to obtain good economic benefits on the premise of putting social benefits first, and this principle will not change with the development of market economy". "The management of spiritual and cultural market should take social benefits as the highest criterion". The above discussion also proves that "a culturally rich country" does not only value the "rich" side, but constantly consolidates the achievements of "establishment". Therefore, it is the common goal and historical mission of "building a country by culture" and "enriching the country by culture" to unswervingly strengthen the party’s leadership over cultural construction, rely on the prosperity and development of cultural industries, and promote the modernization of state governance.
三、“文化强国”的全面实践：党领导文化建设的历史新阶段
党的十八大以来，国内外形势发生了深刻变化。国际形势错综复杂，世界经济复苏乏力，局部冲突和动荡频发，全球性问题日益加剧，国内改革进入攻坚期和深水区，经济发展进入新常态，包括文化建设在内，党领导国家各项建设工作都面临着前所未有的考验。
作为概念的“文化强国”虽然提出于党的十七届六中全会，但真正得以全面实践，则是在党的十八大之后。以习近平同志为核心的新一届党中央领导集体，明确将“文化强国”上升为党领导文化建设的总纲与国家意志。“文化强国”的全面实践，意味着在“文化救国”“文化立国”与“文化富国”之后，党领导文化建设步入了历史新阶段，与近代仁人志士所植立的“强国梦”形成了历史呼应。
Judging from the overall practice strategy, path and achievements of "cultural power", the CPC Central Committee attaches great importance to the position and role of culture in social development, takes "not forgetting the original, absorbing foreign countries and facing the future" as the guiding ideology, adheres to the socialist core value system, firmly establishes the correct direction of culture, consciously grasps the development law of culture, and adheres to the purpose of serving the people, thus continuously promoting the modernization process of state governance and serving the people in both theoretical and practical dimensions.
(A) the overall practice of "cultural power" should take "cultural consciousness" as the action path.
Taking "cultural consciousness" as the action path means that we should consciously safeguard and strengthen the "people’s nature" of Socialism with Chinese characteristics culture in the new era, firmly establish the work orientation of taking the people as the center, serving the people and serving socialism established by the party’s leadership culture construction since "saving the country by culture", and fully realize that the party’s leadership culture construction is an organic combination of serving the masses, educating and guiding the masses, meeting their needs and improving their literacy, which will "enrich the people"
"Cultural consciousness" is a cultural concept put forward by Fei Xiaotong in 1997. The original definition is that "all ethnic groups begin to ask to know their own culture", that is, different ethnic groups awaken to their own culture. In the view of modern "nation-state", the concept of cultural consciousness also transcends the traditional concept of nation and moves towards the interpretation dimension based on "state". As far as the current international relations are concerned, the competition between countries is the core game factor in human development, and the competition between nations has taken the second place. In reality, the culture of a country is spontaneous, but it is more the result of ideological shaping by a government. Rather than just being, the object of "cultural consciousness" at present is more about "national culture".
Socialism with Chinese characteristics culture in the new era is the fruit of the construction of the Party’s leading culture, and it is also the constituent form of China’s current national culture. How to form the cultural consciousness of Socialism with Chinese characteristics culture in the new period is the key issue in the current ideological field, and it is also the action path of the party’s leadership culture construction. As the core essence of Socialism with Chinese characteristics culture in the new era, "people’s nature" is a concept with its own origin. Mao Zedong once put forward that "our problem is basically a problem for the masses and a problem of how to serve the masses". Deng Xiaoping clearly pointed out that "our literature and art belong to the people".
党领导文化建设就是要在全国、全党维护、强化“人民性”这一本质，从而形成全面实践“文化强国”的行动路径。以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视党领导文化建设中的“人民性”问题，习近平多次在重要讲话中指出“人民性”的重要意义。具体而言，以“文化自觉”为行动路径就是要将“人民性”贯穿到目前我国文化生产、传播与接受等各个实践层面：一是文化生产要以为人民服务、为社会主义服务为导向，提升全社会文化供给的综合能力与总体水平，做到以文育人、成风化人；二是文化传播要把握“人民性”方向，将文化传播自觉纳入党领导文化建设当中，注重将服务群众与教育引导群众相统一；三是文化接受要坚持“人民性”本位，主动接受社会主义先进文化产品，认识到文化接受的目的不只是满足日常文化需求，更与提升自身文化素养息息相关。
（二）“文化强国”的全面实践要以“文化自信”为基本立场
以“文化自信”为基本立场，即继承发扬自“文化救国”以来党领导文化建设的立场与精神，坚持马克思主义在意识形态领域的指导地位，将古今中外文化资源转化为中华优秀传统文化、革命文化和社会主义先进文化这三大主流文化资源，建构新时代中国特色社会主义文化的时空坐标。
在道路自信、制度自信与理论自信的基础上，习近平创造性地指出“文化自信”是一种“更基础、更广泛、更深厚的自信”，这是“文化强国”全面实践的基本立场。唯有坚持自信，才可走向自强。文化自信不是妄自菲薄，也不是故步自封，而是以积极、务实的态度在人类优秀文化资源中吸收养分，这是自“文化救国”以来，党领导文化建设始终如一的立场。“文化自信”要求我们立足中国实际、解决中国问题、发出中国声音，形成以我为主、为我所用且具有中国特色、中国风格与中国气派的新时代中国特色社会主义先进文化，真正地走向“文化强国”。
Since the "Western learning spread to the east" in the late Qing Dynasty, Chinese traditional culture was once at a disadvantage under the impact of knowledge globalization, and even our cultural evaluation standards and values were hit hard. The saying that "China is inferior to foreign countries" has a good market. Mao Zedong once severely criticized that "many scholars in Marxism–Leninism always say what they say, but they are sorry for their ancestors and forget". During the period of reform and opening up, due to the influence of globalization and the intrusion of cultural hegemonism, the trend of worshipping foreign things and not eating foreign things became more and more popular. Deng Xiaoping hit the nail on the head and criticized it-"The ancestors can’t be lost!" It goes without saying that in the new era of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, we are confronted with more complicated debates on cultural relations between ancient and modern times and between China and foreign countries than ever before. What kind of position and how to deal with the above relations have become the important tasks of the party’s leadership culture construction.
基于此，习近平高屋建瓴地指出：“如果‘以洋为尊’、‘以洋为美’、‘唯洋是从’，把作品在国外获奖作为最高追求，跟在别人后面亦步亦趋、东施效颦，热衷于‘去思想化’、‘去价值化’、‘去历史化’、‘去中国化’、‘去主流化’那一套，绝对是没有前途的！”因此，在进行文化资源转换时，我们要坚持“文化自信”这一基本立场，主动将古今中外文化转换为中华优秀传统文化、革命文化和社会主义先进文化这三大先进文化资源，它们是新时期党领导文化建设的意识形态基础。正如习近平指出的：“中国特色社会主义文化，源自中华民族五千多年文明历史所孕育的中华优秀传统文化，熔铸于党领导人民在革命、建设、改革中创造的革命文化和社会主义先进文化，植根于中国特色社会主义伟大实践。”
(C) the comprehensive practice of "cultural power" should be guided by the value of "cultural self-improvement"
Taking "cultural self-improvement" as the value guidance means that in the current complicated international environment, we should not forget and keep in mind the initial intention and mission since "saving the country by culture", assess the situation, stand in a new historical position and stand on the new situation of the times, lead and enhance the cultural soft power through continuous development, improvement and innovation of the cultural discourse system, spread Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s values, enhance China’s discourse power, competitiveness and influence on the world cultural stage, and promote the modernization of state governance under the leadership of the party.
人类全球化运动已有了近600年的历史，其间世界舞台波谲云诡，经济全球化、社会现代化则一直是人类发展的主流。但因为世界经济发展的不平衡与“冷战”思想的回潮，近年来，以文化霸权主义、经济保守主义与政治单边主义为代表的“逆全球化”思潮死灰复燃。在全球化大势下，任何国家都无法面对挑战而置身于事外，必须团结起来抵抗“逆全球化”思潮并积极推进全球治理公正合理化。如果没有全球治理公正合理化，国家治理现代化也无从谈起。
作为世界上最大的发展中国家与世界第二大经济体，中国的国家治理现代化无法僭越全球治理公正合理化这一基本前提。近年来，我国文化建设取得了举世瞩目的成就，但就世界文化舞台上的话语权、竞争力与影响力而言，仍与我国经济、军事、科技实力的国际地位有一定距离。因此，在遭遇“逆全球化”的不公正对待时，常常难以文化软实力来有效地捍卫自身合法权益。譬如我国的哲学社会科学研究，在国际上始终缺乏相应的话语权，以至于我们在参与国际对话时，缺乏必要的理论武器。习近平敏锐地发现了这一问题，指出“实际上我国哲学社会科学在国际上的声音还比较小，还处于有理说不出、说了传不开的境地”。
The essence of the above problems is the insufficient construction of discourse system. Needless to say, compared with the strength of other countries such as economy, military, science and technology, cultural soft power is the relative shortcoming of China’s comprehensive national strength at present. We strive for the right to speak in culture and enhance our competitiveness and influence, not to compete with anyone for hegemony, but to protect our own cultural security and fulfill our responsibilities as a big country.
The construction of the party’s leadership culture begins with "saving the country through culture", and its initial intention is to save China from the abyss of "the sick man of East Asia" under the background of the "dream of strengthening the country" of modern people with lofty ideals. The mission of "building a country through culture" and "enriching the country through culture" afterwards is to enhance China’s international status. The key to today’s "cultural power" lies in the word "strong". The so-called "strong" means that the country’s cultural soft power really serves to enhance its comprehensive national strength and matches its economic, military, scientific and technological strengths, so that China can gain a firm foothold among the world’s powerful countries, thus better shouldering the responsibility of a big country to promote the fairness and rationalization of global governance.
世界大国之间向来博弈激烈，任何国家跻身大国都非常不易，若想成为强国则更难，而文化强国则是人类历史上许多大国、强国一直以来的追求。公正地说，我国作为一个拥有5000多年不间断历史的文明古国，目前只能算是一个文化大国，离与我国综合国力和国际地位相适应的文化强国仍有一段距离。但文化强国的地位不是谁赋予的，更不是谁谦让出来的，只有自强而强，别无他途。唯将“文化自强”作为价值指引，全面提高国家文化软实力，才能真正地让中国屹立于世界“文化强国”之林。而提高国家文化软实力的根本在于让中国特色社会主义价值观念具有世界性的传播力与认同度。习近平就此指出：“提高国家文化软实力，要努力传播当代中国价值观念。当代中国价值观念，就是中国特色社会主义价值观念，代表了中国先进文化的前进方向。”
IV. Conclusion
From the perspective of historical evolution and practical path, the "cultural power" not only inherits and develops the fine tradition and valuable experience of the party’s leadership culture construction since "saving the country by culture", but also stands on the new era, faces new challenges and answers new questions, which is a new historical stage of the party’s leadership culture construction. Therefore, in the strategy of improving and strengthening the construction of the Party’s leadership culture, the "cultural power" not only realized the innovation of getting rid of the old and innovating with the times, but also organically combined the historical responsibility of the Party’s leadership culture construction with the "dream of strengthening the country" planted by modern people with lofty ideals, forming a historical echo that has passed through a hundred years and pushing the Chinese nation towards the long-awaited great rejuvenation.
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